The first 3 months

I don't know quite what I expected from PhD-land. I knew I had a lot to learn. I was very scared about this. I knew that there were going to be a lot of people who knew a lot more that me. I was very scared of this. I knew I was going to be a lot older than most of the other post graduate researchers, and even some of the post docs. I was very scared of this. And I knew I was going back into full time education, somewhere I had escaped from 5 years before. I was very scared.

However, I knew I was going to be doing some work that could have a real impact, and this was the thing that excited me the most.

On the first day, I had my bag all packed with the text books, note books, pens, pencils and everything one would need for the first day of school.

Things for the first day

The first month or so was getting used to everything. I spent time researching different turbine types, looking at their performance characteristics and where they are used. I learnt a lot about power electronics, the basics on how they work, what they do and so on, and build a switch-mode power supply (SMPS). This can take any voltage level input and give a constant voltage output, and is the backbone of many modern power supplies.

The switch-mode power supply

It was fun building the SMPS, I hadn't really build many electronic circuits before, so the method and testing of it was quite new to me. However, after a quite a few burnt fingers, a little bit of swearing, and putting things around the right way, I eventually got it to work.

I then started to look at the research in the field of pico hydropower. There is surprisingly large amount out there, different people experimenting with new turbine concepts, controllers, generators and loads. The whole spectrum. I realised that although I was going to become an expert in this, it would be just a small area. I would though need a good understanding of all the issues surrounding them as well.

In November, I took a few days off to see a friend in Cockermouth, up in the Lake District. The weekend I planned was one week after the terrible floods up there, the devastation was incredible. The high street was free from water again, but all the shops and houses along there were ruined. We went to nearby Keswick, which didn't get any flooding. It's amazing how localised things like that can be.

Derwent Water

At the beginning of December all the press were focussed on Copenhagen. All the world hoped that an agreement could be made to help stop the climate change calamitous spiral we have set ourselves on. Although everyone is responsible, we do look to our governments for leadership as well. As a part of this, I joined a march in the centre of London called the Wave. Groups from all across the UK, religious, environmental activists, aid organisations, and ordinary people turned up to show how important getting an agreement was. At 3pm on a rainy afternoon, we all waved at the Houses of Parliament to show that we cared and wanted them to represent us with action. However, as we all know, they all left Copenhagen with nothing. Another seemingly impotent gathering of world leaders who can only talk and not actually do anything.

During the Wave march in London

And then it was Christmas. I wasn't quite sure where the time had gone. I had achieved some things, a plan of what I wanted to do for the next few months, I'd found a number of useful papers and was slowly understanding where the level of technology was that I wanted to use. I also was learning about practical electrics, and so decided to light up the lab a little.

Fairy lights in the lab

As Christmas party season approached, I was looking forward to seeing my old office friends, and going home. I had only really had a couple of weeks at home since returning from Nepal in April, what with work, university and other things.

And so here I am. So, Happy Christmas, and here's looking forward to a great 2010!

SAM

The Return of the Student...

Something quite exciting has happened. Whilst I was in Nepal, I was talking to Brian at PEEDA about what I'd do when I returned to the UK. I said I'd like to do something in hydropower, ideally something pico or micro scale, however, I realised that I'd probably need some sort of further education to be able to work in the field. So, I began looking for hydropower courses, and found a PhD at the University of Bristol in Low Head Pico Hydropower.

After a few telephone calls from Nepal, and a rather scratchy telephone interview later, I somehow got the PhD. I would be starting in October 2009. I couldn't really publicise it too much when I returned, as I had to go back to my old job and earn a bit of cash.

So six months after my return, and here I am ready to start my PhD. Its full title is Modular and Scalable Low Head Pico Hydro Generation in Off-Grid Networks, which can be roughly translated into - how to connect lots of low head pico hydro units together.

I'm really rather scared. It's been a long time since I've studied, I'm going to be a lot older than most of the other post graduate researchers and its main focus is going to be on the electrical side of the technology which is something I don't have a lot of background in. However, it will be a challenge, a project with a proper real world application and hopefully will allow me to travel out to Nepal and maybe other places in the world to do some testing.

Fingers crossed!

SAM

Two Weeks after

So, it's been 2 weeks since I've got back and my feet have hardly touched the ground. I was at home in Cornwall for less than 12 hours before heading up to Chester to see Dan and Rachel get married - a most amazing wedding.

Then it was back to work on the Monday morning. When I say work, it was more a day on the internet at work's expense. Unfortunately, my office, like many others across the world, has been hit quite hard by the global financial crisis. Consultants are the first to go when their clients are trying to cut costs and safeguard their own employees jobs. So, for the last couple of weeks I've been on the beach - no work. I'm sure it will pick up soon.

I've got no room to stay in at Bristol at the moment, so I've had to rely on the kindness of my friends - thanks Chris and Shirin - who have very kindly put me up.

I'll try and keep the blog updated when anything interesting happens. I may no longer physically be in Nepal, but part of me will always be there.

SAM

Just a thought: as a traveller you should try and leave a place as you found it, have no affect on it, but what about the affect it has on you?

"Mum, I'm home"

Heathrow Airport, 16th April 2009, sometime in the morning...

Telephone rings

"Hello"

"Hello Mum, it's me. I'm back."

Saying goodbye to it all

How do you say goodbye? I absolutely hate it. To me, it means that I have to leave. For Nepal, it meant I would have to leave my friends, colleagues and worst of all my adopted family who I loved as if they were my own.

I was also quite scared. Saying goodbye would mean that I had to go back to my job, a prospect that I wasn't sure I was ready for. After a year spent doing work that I really enjoyed, I was going back to the grindstone.

There were some things I was looking forward to; catching up with my friends, I would be able to go to Dan and Rachel's wedding, being able to have a proper Marmite sandwich, and being able to see my family. A year is a long time to be away sometimes.

The last couple of weeks went in a little bit of a blur, I went with Bibek and Rachhu to Nagarkot to look at the view of the Himalaya. Unfortunately, it was thundery and cloudy, but still it gave good views across the valley and we were able to watch the thunderstorm move around the rim of the valley.

Bibek and me at Nagarkot

And then it was time to say goodbye. Brian, Carole from PEEDA and their family came to see me in the house which was great, although I think Saru and Racchu enjoyed it even more - Brian and Carole's kids enraptured the girls.

Somehow I was at the airport. Giving Achut a final hug, I couldn't believe I was going home. My eyes did moisten slightly, but I knew one thing - I'd be back.

SAM

600 Bighas

How big is a bighas? (It is said big-a, the a as in apple). I honestly have no idea. I know it's an area of land, but what it relates to, I haven't the foggiest concept. So, when I visited a place called Chha-say (600) Bighas, near Rajghat in the Terai region of Nepal, I didn't know whether it would be the size of a large town or just 3 houses. We were going to Chha-say Bighas for a Sapta - a hindu celebration where religious stories are told by a priest - at Aama's sister's house. Aama had left the previous week to help them get ready for the Sapta, and Buwa and I were going to come along. I would stay for a day or two before returning to Kathmandu, whilst Buwa would then stay until the end of the celebration.

This would be my final farewell to the Terai. I had bought my ticket home. Money and time had run out. In 3 short weeks I would be heading back to the UK. My emotions were very mixed. I didn't really want to go home. Of course, I missed my friends and most of all my family in the UK. But I still hadn't achieved what I set out to do. Nothing had been accomplished in Rajghat - in fact now there was talk of the land now not being available for the health post. The work I had been doing with PEEDA on Low-head Pico Hydro units was at the proposal writing stage, trying to find donors. I didn't want to leave my friends who I had spent a year getting to learn about, their language, their culture, the way they survived from day to day. And for a lot of them, it was survival, nothing else. If anything helps you appreciate what you have, then it most certainly must be that.

Normally when going to the Terai, we take the morning Makalu bus. This time however, we were going to take the bus to Bharathba, a large village towards the Indian border, then walk the half hour or so to Chha-say Bighas. The problem was as we were going to a village, the bus wasn't going to be big or fast, but is was going to be packed. On taking a first look at the bus, I knew it was going to be one of those interesting journeys. They had obviously forgot that people required somewhere to put their legs as well as their backsides as when eventually I contorted myself in a reasonable sitting position my feet were off the floor and almost touching my bum. Combine this with my bag covering on what was left of my lap, and I immediately knew one thing - this was going to be uncomfortable.

As we left Kathmandu, I noticed one of the truths of Nepali life. As the buses' documents were being prepared to be given to a policeman a small pile of around 300 rupees was put inside. I watched as the policeman picked up the document, extracted the money and without looking handed the papers back. All the way along the route, money exchanged hands at several police posts, through a variety of methods. I thought the most ingenious was the loaded newspaper. Unfortunately, a reality of Nepali life is that many public servants get paid a pittance, and so need the bribes just to get by.

We stopped for food, and Buwa went off to get some apples to give to Samjhu, who we were hopefully going to meet at the bus park in Hetauda. (It was Samjhu's wedding I went to recently in Hetauda - click here). The bus all packed up and we waited for Buwa. 5 minutes went by, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, where had Buwa got to? Everyone on the bus thought that he had gone to get me food, as obviously I couldn't eat the same as a standard Nepali. The kalashi - conductor - eventually went down the road to find him, and after a further 10 minutes they both came back looking slightly flustered. Apparently, normally where they would sell apples, oranges and all sorts along the road side, they weren't today. Buwa had had to walk nearly 2 miles before he could find someone selling fruit. When we got to Hetauda we couldn't find Samjhu, and so all the waiting was in vain. Typical.

In Hetauda, we heard rumours of strikes further east on the highway. A child has been knocked over and the family were protesting wanting compensation. However, we carried on, ignoring the rumours. However, as we travelled further eastward, there were fewer and fewer vehicles passing us in the opposite direction. When we reached Chhandranigapur there were hundreds of trucks and buses parked up. This wasn't a good sign. We drove further along the road and eventually came to another queue. This was the queue waiting to get by the blockage. However, as this was Nepal, instead of being british about it and taking our place in line, we jumped the queue and went hurtling along the empty side of the road. At some points we had to leave the road to avoid other cars, but eventually got to the head of the line, where the protest was taking place.

In the middle of the road lay a body wrapped up in a sheet. Leaning over it was a distraught mother and father, their grief all too obvious to see, and a mob of people holding bamboo sticks and chanting. This was the way in New Nepal. Money ruled, if you kill my child I expect money from you and the government. If you don't give me it then I'll block the road until I get what I want. A real democracy? I'll leave that for you to decide.

This was going to be frustrating. The protest was taking place on the bridge between Sarlahi district and Bara. Once we crossed the bridge, it would only be a further 10 minutes to Bharathba. We reached the man who was in charge of the mob, and the kalashi negotiated our way through - telling the organiser we were all from this district. I hid. I guessed he would realise where I wasn't from. Somehow we got through, the first vehicles to get through all day. We were the drip that started the flood, and hundreds of lorries and trucks from both sides of the bridge tried to get through. When we arrived in Bharathba, it was just as I remembered it from 2 years previously. It was one of the places I had been most scared in Nepal, there were mobs of Madeshi going round and looking for trouble. When we got off the bus, a group of people surrounded us. They started asking questions: What is this white boy doing here? He doesn't belong here... Is he rich? Where is he from? Why doesn't he go back there? Although I couldn't understand all that was said, I got the gist - I wasn't welcome. One of the first times in Nepal I felt in the wrong place. However, Buwa and I started to walk off down the road, and the group dispersed. Maybe it would come to nothing.

We arrived in Chha-say Bighas after a half hour walk and found Aama's sister's house. It was a big house, all prepared for the celebration. I was given a seat and told to sit. Aama had obviously told them that I like sel roti - the round doughnut like bread - and yoghurt, as for the next 2 days I was constantly offered these both. The time I spent at the Sapta is a bit of a blur, I have to admit. The Sapta itself involved people sitting down and listening to a priest reading from the Hindu holy texts. As I was not a brahmin, or even a Hindu, I was not allowed in the holy area. However, I was allowed to watch and listen - not that I understood it at all.

The Sapta

I met Jivan, Aama's nephew. Jivan, he proudly told me, was a member of the PLA - the People's Liberation Army. This scared me a little. The PLA were the Maoist's army, before the peace accord was signed 2 years previously. Now most of them were confined in camps around Nepal, with their weapons supposedly locked up. However, most believed that they had only given the UN monitors the weapons they didn't want. Jivan, however, seemed perfectly normal and was very friendly. Tentatively I asked him about cantonments and his time in the PLA, but he didn't want to say too much, so I left it there. I also met the rest of the family who were typical Nepali - really friendly and open, ready to welcome you into their homes and family.

I also met someone that the family called Mr Sir. Mr Sir was one of the forgotten refugees in Nepal. Everyone knows about the Tibetans that escaped China and live around Kathmandu, but many forget about the Bhutanese refugees, even though there are many more of them, over 100,000. In the early 1990s, Bhutan in an effort to protect its culture began a process of ethnic cleansing, and threw out all Bhutanese of Nepali descent. These people had been living in Bhutan for generations, but if they could not prove this, then they were forcibly removed. These people, left without a home returned to Nepal, and were put in refugee camps in the far east of Nepal. Slowly, the refugees are being relocated in the USA and other countries, but many of them just want to go home to Bhutan. I shared a room with Mr Sir, when i say shared a room I took his bed, and slept on the ground. Did I feel guilty? Oh yes...

A walk around Chha-say Bighas

One day, I went for a walk around the village with some of the kids in the family. They showed me their schools and we walked through the fields. They asked about life in the UK. Their questions were not quite what I was expecting - even after almost a year in Nepal. What work did I do in my office? How did I get to the office? Who cooked in my house? When I thought about it afterwards, I think they were just trying to get the idea of what life was like outside Nepal. I tried to make sure that I answered truthfully, without rose-tinted glasses or cynicism.

We sat down in a little bandstand built by the community. There was something slightly different about this though - it was covered in Maoist symbols. There was the PLA logo printed on one of the posts, a picture of Prachandra - the Maoist leader - on another, and photos of when the bandstand was opened. To be honest, it was just a bit odd, I didn't really feel comfortable there. However, there was something good about the way the community came together to build it, spend almost a thousand pounds to do it. Maybe community spirit wasn't dead.

I left Chha-say Bighas after a couple of days and headed to see Didi and Bhinajyu outside Lalbandi, with Buwa. This involved a walk into Bharathba and a bus then, for my first time in Nepal, a ride in a Tempo - the three wheeled rickshaw. The tempo journey was probably the most uncomfortable thing I have ever done. To fit in the back, I had to be bent double, sat on metal bars, and then on every bump in the road I hit my head on the metal bars on the roof before returning to earth onto the metal bars beneath my rear end. To add to the comfort, there was very little room to breathe in the back of the rickshaw, people and goats my fellow passengers occupying all available space, and being choked by the fumes from the exhaust. Fortunately before asphyxiation set in we gracefully extracted ourselves and walked to Didi's house.

It was time to say goodbye to Didi. I enjoyed being with Didi, she worked hard and had great dreams for the future. That was something I admired, she had a vision for the future, how to make her life better, how to improve things for her family, and she wasn't afraid to work hard to achieve it. That attitude could teach us all a lot.

I said my goodbye, and finally was allowed to do something I had wanted to do for a long time in Nepal - travel alone. From Lalbandi, I took the bus to Hetauda and then from Hetauda caught the Jeep to Kathmandu. In Hetauda I tried to find Samjhu, whose new husband's shop was along the high street somewhere. However many times I walked along the high street though, I couldn't find it. It was a shame, as I wanted to see Samjhu too before I left.

Preparing to say goodbye was hard. I arrived back in Kathmandu and knew there were so many people that I wanted to see in the next 2 weeks. How was it going to happen?

SAM

The Elections

I received an email from the Foreign Office two days ago. It noted the update of the Nepal political profile. The update said something along the lines of:

"There are student elections happening at Colleges across Nepal for the next few days. These can often cause violence. Stay away from large gatherings."

I also received a phone call at the same time. Well, I didn't actually receive it, Achut did, but it was for me. It was from one of the Student Union leaders at Patan Multiple Campus, and they wanted me to come and vote. And everything all came flooding back to me.

In September, I was knee deep in visa mud. The visa that I was told I could get by the Immigration Department was not possible, as I didn't work for one of the large INGOs. So, I had to find another way or leave - and there was no way I was going to leave that early in my year. My options were severely limited. There was a man outside the immigration office who offered to get me the paperwork for a marriage visa for a small fee, or I could get a student visa. I am a hideously bad liar, and despise the moral quandary that lying puts me in, but I wanted to stay. So, I pursued the route of a student visa. I enrolled in a local college on an MA Sociology programme and got all the paperwork I needed in 3 days. But this was only with the help of the one of the college's student unions and an aspiring political leader, Gyanu.

So, when Gyanu called Achut and said it was time for me to fulfil my part of the deal, I was a bit concerned. It wasn't about the message from the foreign office. They send out these messages to cover their backs in case something happens. But in Nepal, student politics is very similar to mainstream government politics.

There are many different student unions, all with mainstream party support. Gyanu's party was the Communist Party of Nepal - United Marxist Lenin, known as the UML. There were also Maoists, Congress and all the other major and minor parties going to be represented. As well as this, all the political leaders from the past 60 years of "democracy" in Nepal have come from the student unions. So, it is the place where everyone wants to be the leader to ensure a cushy life after 5-10 years. Politics is seen as an easy career, where you have power, money and people respect you.

As I said though, student politics and mainstream governmental politics is not very different. So, there is also the fighting between the rival parties and their vigilante forces. That's what I was scared of. What if I were associated with one of the parties, whose policies and aims I didn't necessarily agree with, and paid the price? There had been stories in the Nepali media for the last few days of clashes between parties, the Maoist's Young Communist League fighting running street battles with the UML's Youth Force. On several campuses the elections had been postponed due to violence. In the east of the country, someone was even killed.

So on the morning of the student elections I woke up with a rather large lump in my throat.

And then I thought I saw my way out. "Achut, I can't vote today, I don't have a Student ID card." I breathed a sigh of relief. But it was short lived. "That's OK, Gyanu's made you one. He'll get it to you when you arrive at college." Expletive. So, at 7.30 we headed down towards the college. About 200m from the gate we were stopped by riot police. A good sign. From there we had to walk. Bikes were not allowed.

As we walked onto the square, there were thousands of people queuing. This was strange to me, as Nepali people are appalling at queuing. I suppose it wasn't the most organised queue in the world, but it was a queue all right. The queue was split into male and female. We met one of the UML student union's leaders and he presented me my student ID card. I was concerned at the fact that I would have to stand at the back of the queue, which didn't seem to be moving at the moment, and so it wouldn't be until lunchtime probably that I would get back home again. However, I was pushed to the front of the line.

An Armed Police Force man was blocking the gate, not letting people in. He looked rather officious stood there, an 8 ft long bamboo pole in his hand, body armour and a helmet protecting him. But in his eyes there was something else. It was fear. The knowledge that this mass of hundred and thousands of students could explode at any moment and he would be caught in the middle of it. He stood in the way, letting some people through, but not me. Why should he let me though, he asked. That was a good point. As I have just said, I effectively pushed in front of almost a thousand others, just because I was white. Surely this was not on. But, my minders and Achut somehow got me through, the gift of the gab was on their side.

I walked down a passageway. On either side it was lined with more APF men in various states of body armour dress, some carrying rifles, others machine guns, and some - like the gatekeeper - the thick 8 ft bamboo pole. These guys were laughing and joking, but still the same wariness was in their eyes. Achut, for some reason, had not come down with me. I kept on walking and approached a gateway which led into a small courtyard. There was a basketball court on my left hand side, on the right was a university building - concrete with peeling yellow paint, and huge posters of the candidates - and in front of me were two lanes, one for the females and one for males.

I walked into the lane that seemed to have the males in it and ambled slowly to the front of the queue. Achut still hadn't arrived, I was getting worried. I was in a strange and potentially violent place with people I didn't know lining up for my democratic right as a student. I noted the irony as I had never exercised my democratic right in the UK for one reason and another, but coming here to the world's newest federal republic I was going to vote for the first time. Finally Achut turned up. He was in his element, surrounded by people he knew, his ability to talk his way around, through and about anything and surrounded by people who exuded the cockiness that Achut mimicked. He promptly pointed out a big piece of brown paper next to me and told me I would be in room 4 to vote, and then ambled off.

I was now in the line with 20 or 30 people behind me. I tried my best to blend in, but being white and 6 ft 3 it was quite difficult. I started to read the brown paper next to me. It listed all the subjects being studied at the college and where they would need to go to vote. Suddenly I was accosted from behind.

"Hello Comrade!"

This was the first time I had ever been referred to as comrade. I felt I was back in the Cold War USSR.

"Hello" I replied.

"I'm going to vote for the Revolutionary Free Students Union [the Maoist associated union]. Who are you going to vote for?" he asked.

"I'm going to be voting for the UML." I said, pointing at the huge picture of Gyanu and his party members staring at me from the paint-peeling building. I couldn't quite remember what their party was actually called.

"Why are you voting for them? They are all corrupt, steal money, the Revolutionary are much better." He said.

And just as he finished, Jitendra, the leader of the UML student union at Patan Campus, came by and gave me a big handshake. After that, my comrade friend stood rather quietly behind me. Jitendra handed me a piece of card and said "Vote for these people, second column on the sheet" and pointing out the list of people on the back of the card. So it was going to be easy to get it right, as long as I wasn't slipped a different card...

The line in front and behind me started to get agitated. We had been waiting for an hour or so already, voting should have started 20 minutes before. The line, supposed to be single file, was becoming fat. So when election officials tried to thin down the line, the line didn't move, but just tried to squash more people in a smaller space. I was squashed between the comrade behind me and a lanky Madeshi in front. Both of them, I noticed, had rather bad dandruff. I hoped I didn't.

In the line opposite, the females were standing looking slightly unimpressed. They were in a mix of clothes, some in kurta surwals - a traditional Nepali/Indian fashion, others wearing t-shirts and jeans, but all looking stunning. Some were quiet and reserved, whispering amongst themselves. Others were giggling and laughing, People walked past wearing huge poppies for their respective parties, chatting with friends and  supporters. This election didn't seem about policy or idealism - it was about personality and family loyalty. You voted for the person you liked or the party your family liked.

After a large time of procrastination, waiting and general confusion, people started to go in to vote. 5 at a time were let in from each line, then a couple of minute wait. Eventually I was let through. My student card was checked and I was allowed past a scary looking police man carrying a radio - the reason he was scary was his height, nearly the same as mine which is huge for a Nepali. Achut guided me into a quadrant inside the yellow paint-peeling building where there were hundreds of election officials. I was led over to a table and I handed my ID card over. The man in front of me looked through his list. He found my name, or at least a version of my name - Samwily Jemeson. Three other people then checked my name against their sheets before my nail was inked by a young lady and I was handed a huge ballot paper. I walked into the room with my card of the people I needed to mark and found the second column. I noticed Gyanu's name and Jitendra's also, so promptly ticked all the names in the second column as I had been instructed. Then, feeling happy with myself that I had finally repaid my debt to the student activists at Patan, walked out of the room and posted my ballot in the box.

After voting I was ushered through another pathway with many APF men waiting around, but I tried not to hang around too much. Within 5 minutes we were back on the bike and I was home for breakfast.

My hand, my student ID and the card telling me who to vote for

In the evening, after the voting had finished I heard there were running street battles between the Maoist YCL and the UML's Youth Force. I even heard one of my minder's in the college during the day had lost their tooth. The next day there were big celebrations for Gyanu and Jitendra, they had won. Not only had they won, but the UML had also won in the neighbouring Pulchowk Engineering campus, so a large celebration march took place down the main street in Patan with flowers and red powder - the signs of celebration.

Gyanu (in front) and Jitendra (a little behind) celebrating their victory

After the victory, I asked Achut what it would mean now. Student unions in the UK being fairly inert organisations I wasn't sure what they did in Nepal apart from fight each other. Apparently, Jitendra, the new Patan Campus Student President, would now be second to the Principal of the college, effectively controlling it. he would command a large budget and able to influence the way the college moves forward. Not a bad job I suppose.

So, my first brush with democracy since the ill fated mock European elections of 1999 whilst attending 6th form - we were the countryside party, on the country's side - and I didn't get beaten, killed or intimidated. Not only that, but my team won. Most excellent. I now have friends in high places!

SAM

The Orange Sun

The sun today shone down orange. It might sound nothing abnormal, but it was a bright orange colour - just like someone had plucked it out of a tree and placed it in the sky for no real reason but that it looked good. And it did.

It's been an odd couple of weeks for one reason and another.

Two weeks ago I headed off on my long awaited trip to go and see some pico hydro projects in the Gulmi district of Nepal - south of Pokhara - with a colleague from the PEEDA office, Biraj. There were of strikes in the Terai, but we didn't pay too much attention to them, as rumours generally turn out to just words and no action. However, they have the desired effect with people staying at home and changing their plans in fear of them. Our bus down to Butwal, the industrial heartland of the Terai was simple enough. And when we got to Butwal, the rumours became stronger and stronger. Buses and jeeps weren't going to be running the next day, and we were to go to Tansen in the hills above Butwal that day, before making our way into the rural hills of Gulmi.

The next day came, and after our morning meeting in Butwal, we found that although there were no buses running south of Butwal, the buses north to Tansen were running. So we jumped onto the next bus heading north. Biraj stopped to get some water, and the bus drove off without him. It promptly stopped a couple of hundred metres along the road where a slightly panicked and sweaty Biraj caught us up. As we left Butwal, a motorbike swerved in front of us and made us pull over. A banda-wallah, a person enforcing the strike, came onto the bus and looked around before talking to the conductor and taking a large handful of cash. This is a huge problem with Nepal, that there are many legitimate reasons that people call strikes here but some just jump on the wagon to make money.

We wove our way through the foothills of the Himalaya, making our way from Butwal's 200m to Tansen's heady 1500m or so. We saw Tansen from a long way away, perched on the side of a hill overlooking a fertile green valley full of barley and wheat. As we pulled into Tansen bus station, we noticed the lack of activity. This wasn't going to bode well for our plans. We spoke to the ticket counter, and they said they didn't know what was going to happen the next day. Jeeps might come to go to Gulmi. They might not. But they did know one thing; if they were going to write us a ticket it was going to cost 10 rupees - a bit stupid when the ticket only cost 70 rupees.

We climbed through the streets of Tansen, which reminded me of the Alpine and Pyrenean villages I had walked through when I lived in France, and made our way to the royal palace. However, the palace was just a building site. In my guide book it says that the palace is amazing. And I'm sure it would have been, if the Maoists hadn't destroyed it in a battle with the police during their 'People's War'. On a side note, it is always interesting to see that on building sites in Nepal there are a large number of women, who lift, shovel, carry and do all the menial work. It makes me feel very sorry for them. But then in a way it is good as well. They are working, more independent, and somewhat empowered. I just sometimes hope that they are not working to feed a lazy husband.

The destroyed durbar (palace) in Tansen, with one of the women working in the background

Tansen's streets were very reminiscent of an alpine town - cobbled and always pointing to the sky

The sun rising from behind Srinagar Hill in Tansen

After some frantic phone calls in the evening, Biraj and Krishna, a local hydropower installer whose village we would be visiting, managed to secure some seats in a jeep to Tamghas - the district centre of Gulmi - and reserve the same jeep to drive us out to Krishna's village called Bhanbhane. So after our morning's work was done in Tansen, we waited for our jeep. Several jeeps past us as we waited at the appointed place, all fairly empty. Then one came that had people hanging off it at all different places. It stopped in front of us. Surely this wasn't going to be ours? Oh, but it was. I had been promised a seat in the front, due to my excessive leg length compared to Nepali people. However, the man in the front wouldn't move. He reminded me of one of the characters in a comedy show here in Nepal. He had a small moustache and a high pitched squeaky voice, with hand movements that emphasised every word he said. And he was stubborn. He said that he had booked the seat 3 days ago and wasn't going to share it with any long-legged whitey (the Nepali's have some slang words for westerners, mainly referring to the colour of our skin). So, instead of the spacious front of the jeep, I was squeezed into the small seats at the back, just enough room for my bum to touch one steel pole and my knee to touch another. I was joined there by Biraj and Krishna, and Krishna's grandfather who was coming along back to the village to stay for some time. We all climbed in and the people on the outside of the jeep hung on whilst the jeep sped off in a cloud of dust.

At the appointed place we stopped for lunch. I tried my best to climb out with dignity, but the bruises that were now top-and-tailing my upper leg made sure that any dignity I could have hoped for vanished. I fell out of the back of the jeep and stumbled into a restaurant for some food - as we hadn't really eaten yet. I went on an expedition to find the toilet, and was pointed to the top of some stairs. As I climbed the stairs I struck my head on a steel bar holding the roof in place with a resonating clang. For a few seconds my vision was double. This was obviously going to be a good day.

After lunch, Biraj decided he couldn't take it any more in the back of the jeep and would ride on the top. He asked me if I wanted to join him. I politely declined. Although there would have been a lot more space there, there was also the high risk that I would fall off - as clumsy as I am. So Biraj rode on top, which should have made my life a little more comfortable inside, as there were now only three people on the back seat. However, a new steel bar seemed to press itself in the base of my spine for the rest of the 3 hour journey, meaning that after arriving in Tamghas I didn't want to sit down again for a week.

We arrived in Tamghas and the jeep refuelled before taking us to Bhanbhane. The road to Bhanbhane is a dirt track, and our jeep driver relished in driving along it as fast as possible, constantly asking me whether I was scared or not. To be honest, I wasn't. The road was badly maintained, potholed and had some rather scary drops if anything should happen, but our driver seemed very capable, so it didn't really worry me at all. We arrived in Tamghas after nightfall - the dirt road in the dark was a bit more daunting - and made our way to Krishna's house for food and sleep.

The next morning, a whole host of people were waiting for us as we woke up. They were the user committee and hangers on of the pico hydropower projects that we had come to visit. For those who don't know, pico hydropower is a small hydropower unit that generates under 5 kilowatts. The units in Bhanbhane were just 200 and 300 watts. However, this was enough to give electricity for 15 to 20 homes per unit. We spent all morning being shown around the pico hydro sites in the village.

Two 300 W pico units using the same water
Most traditional pico hydropower units need water to drop more than 40m in order to generate electricity, known as head. When I was in Bidroha's village, their unit needed 120m head to generate 2kW. The advantage with the units in Bhanbhane are that they only need a small head - between 2.5m for 300 W and 7.4m for 5kW - but with the small head means they need more water flow. These units can be built into existing irrigation canals, dotted all over the hills of Nepal, and so do not require much work to install them. Unfortunately they are currently underused and out of production, so the project I am working on here is to get them better utilised throughout Nepal. More information can be found on the PEEDA website here.

The 300 W unit

The benefit of electricity - light without the need for firewood, kerosene or batteries
We visited a location where a Dalit community could build a unit to supply their village. The Dalit people are the lowest caste (class) in Nepali society, often considered as untouchable, especially to high caste Nepalis. Everyone in the village was very pleased with their electricity. They could have electricity 24 hours a day, 7 days a week - something that made us jealous with our 16 hours a day of power cuts. Of course, what big donor organisations like to see is people using electricity for light and so on, but the richer people also enjoy watching TV, charging mobile phones and laptop computers with their new found electrical power.

Biraj talking to the leader of the Dalit village about the possibility of electrifying their community
In the afternoon, we were invited to the local school for the 10 class leaving ceremony. The School Leaving Certificate (SLC, equivalent of GCSE in the UK) exams were going to be starting after 1 month, so the students were being sent on study leave. The ceremony reminded me very much of mine, 10 years previously. Sombre men stood up and talked about the future. People sang songs. There was even a political sketch with G.P. Koirala, the octogenarian politician who refuses to just go away, and Prachandra, the current Maoist Prime Minister. Biraj and I were welcomed as honoured guests with tikas and flower mallas, and everytime some talked they would mention "hamro bideshi paahun" - our foreign guest, i.e. me. The students were then forced to come up one by one and read out aloud a sentence written for them on a piece of paper. Most of these were embarrassing, causing them to recoil when they read it. One by one, each student would nervously amble up to the stage, read out their humiliation before racing back to their seat to plant their head in their hands, whilst their peers laughed at them. At the end of the proceedings each student was given a tika and malla, before eating a plate of goat curry and beaten rice.

The class 10 students

Me receiving my malla
The next day we went to see new possible sites for the units, as we would want install some quickly when the project fully begins. However, we had one small problem that we were delaying. How would we get back to Kathmandu? The strike was now in full swing, 2 people had been killed by the police the day before, as well as a policeman being murdered. There was very little petrol to talk about, and buses and jeeps were even more infrequent than normal. Somehow, Biraj and Krishna managed to negotiate a way for us back to Tansen. We hoped from there we could get to Kathmandu the next day.

When we arrived in Tansen bus station, the ticket counter people were just useless as they were a few days before. They didn't know what buses would come, whether we'd be able to get to Pokhara, from where we should have been able to get to Kathmandu. All they could tell us is we should be there at 6 am and they'd see what they could sort out. So we went back to the hotel and sulked.

The next morning we woke up and were advised by the Hotel owner to head a little bit out of Tansen, to a junction on the Butwal-Pokhara highway. This highway is known as the Siddartha highway as it links Pokhara with Lumbini, the birthplace of Siddartha Gautam who became Lord Buddha. He had arranged a seat on a micro for us to take us back to Kathmandu he said. So we sat there and waited. After 2 hours of waiting for the micro, and at least 5 other buses going to Pokhara had past us, our micro finally pulled up. The driver took us slowly along the serpentine highway, a road that he had never driven along before obviously, and 10 hours later we arrived in Kathmandu. The journey was unmemorable, apart from one incident. As we were climbing up to Kathmandu's entry checkpoint at Thankot, a kid threw dirty water at our micro. Normally this wouldn't have been a problem, but as I was feeling a little travel sick, I had sat next to the window with the window wide open. I got a face-full of drain water laced with green leaves and mud. Just what you want after 10 hours in an uncomfortable minibus. The reason the brat threw the dirty was was that in 2 days time the festival of Holi was going to be celebrated, where water fights and people throwing paint powder at each other were the main tasks of the day.

When I returned to Kathmandu, I learnt that Buwa's niece, Samjhu, was to be married in Hetauda, a town on the edge of the Terai but still accessible from Kathmandu despite the continuing strike. So we headed to Samjhu's wedding a couple of days after I arrived back. The wedding was a most beautiful and simple affair at Samjhu's family home. Samjhu displayed all the poise and dignity required of her as a Nepali bride, and for that I admired her greatly.

Samjhu and I after the wedding
SAM

Shiva's Night

It's been building up for the last few weeks now. The number of babas with their long beards, hair like a birds nest, bare feet and orange robes has been increasing. The Indian snake charmers - all now banned from India as it is considered cruelty to the snake - have appeared in town. Pashupatinath temple has been building tents and organising itself for this day. And all the junkie westerners who think Nepal is the mystical Shangra-la are sitting around with the shakes waiting (I'll explain why in a minute...). It is the festival of Mahashivaraatri - otherwise known as Shiva's night.

Shiva is one of the trinity of Hindu gods, at the top of the pantheon along with Brahma and Vishnu (or Bishnu as Nepali doesn't have the 'v' sound in their phonetic system). Shiva's consort is Parbati, and legend has it that his home is the holy mountain, Mount Kailash in the Tibetan Autonomous Region. Shiva is well known in the Hindu world for many things - linga, his giant bull Nandi, how he cut of his son's head and replaced it with an elephant's head, his trident, blue throat and snake that lives around his neck. But the thing most westerners know him for is the mystic bhang that he smoked. And on this day each year, bhang - otherwise known as marijuana which grows abundantly in Nepal's hills - is legal.

Pashupatinath temple is the largest temple in Nepal, and one of the 4 most important temples in the Hindu dharma. It is supposed to be the place where Shiva spends his time during the winter. So every year for the Mahashivaraatri festival thousands of Shaivites (Shiva's followers) make the pilgrimage to Pashupatinath, along with hundreds of thousands of other onlookers and junkies.

I didn't make it Pashupatinath this year, as I was in my office, but when I was in Nepal 2 years ago, I went and took some photos. Below are a selection of my favourite:

The road to Pashupatinath is packed with the hundreds of thousands of people who go there to visit the temple and worship Shiva.

Inside the temple complex, it is also packed. However, there are some areas that only westerners can pass through, fortunately, so that you don't have to body surf through the crowds.

People queuing up for the temple. The queue was over 2 km long, and hardly moving at all...

...so people sat on the other side of the river and watched the queue not moving...

...and also the people trying to sneak in. Whilst we were watching, one man fell off the pipe they are standing on into the filthy Bagmati river, much to the amusement of everyone watching.

There were many Baba's sitting round their fires, wearing very little, selling their ganga, gaining a little more enlightenment and trying to trick gullible westerners out of their money.

The Baba's have given up their worldly possessions, and live a life of self-imposed poverty. I wonder what their parents think of their careers choice?

Some of the Baba's are showmen. This one, covered in ashes from the fire, was surrounded by a thronging mass of people, and lifted stones from his genitalia. Nice.

The Indian snake charmers dancing and bewitching their charges. The crowd was packed around the small group of temples above the main Pashupati complex. So packed, in fact, that people actually climbed on me to get a look at the display.

The temple has a real party atmosphere, and there are many different places where the Hindu stories are told through dance and song. This is telling about Hanuman, the monkey god from the Hindu epic, the Ramayan.

And of course, the inevitable drug dealers. This one was selling small balls of ganga to anyone who wanted to buy it. Needless to say he had good business. I suppose at least it's better than the dodgy guy in Thamel sidling up to you and asking if you want anything.

The thing I remember most about Mahashivaraatri a Pashupatinath is the smell. Pashupatinath is a pungent place at the best of times, the Bagmati river filled with garbage adding to the faecal remains of the monkeys and pigeons. Then, by the river side are the people being cremated. Add to that the smoke from the hundred of fires keeping the Babas warm and the intoxicating smell of weed in the air and you have a recipe for a really appalling nasal assault.

As for me, we watched the TV in the morning, as Pashupati woke up to its biggest day of the year. The best bit for me was the man being dragged out of shot by a hand as the camera panned around. But then, I am childish and immature. There was one thing I forgot happened on Mahashivaraatri as well - children create roadblocks in order to extort money out of people. So, on my journey into the office, we passed through at least 10 different pieces of string. Fortunately Achut knew how to deal with them, blow your horn loudly and say you're not paying. The problem is that a clothes-lining is very much possible, and I had no desire to be lying on my back in the middle of the road. But, in the end only one rope got caught around our waists, and that left after a brief minute.

It looks as if I'm off on a field visit at the end of the week, which will be cool. Just want to get out of Kathmandu for a few days and get my head in gear.

SAM

Democracy Day

Today is democracy day in Nepal. It has a rather ironic ring to it for me. It was on this day in 2005 that the then King Gyanendra took over the country, stating that the government had done nothing to quell the Maoist insurgency. The day is actually to celebrate the fact that former autocratic rulers of Nepal were replaced by the equally dictatorial monarchy. Democracy never appeared in Nepal until last year's elections - and to be honest, it still feels if it is a long way from settling here.

The fun of democracy day is that it's a holiday - so my office is shut... However, people who have to work for themselves to make money are still out on the street - selling, repairing, begging.

A game that I've been playing with a friend walking around Patan is called dead or alive. The game is fairly simple - you have to decide whether something is dead or alive, state the fact and then, if brave enough, prove it. Pigeons are fairly simple to tell, as if they are dead they normally have a tyre track across their body. Humans too are fairly easy. Most are just sleeping - you can see their chests moving up and down. Those on fire at Pashupatinath are dead. Dogs are the most difficult and present a game as dangerous as Russian roulette. They look fairly dead most of the time, even though they might only be sleeping. To prove you are correct though requires skill, a will of iron and a big stick. The Russian roulette part of the game is that you never quite know if the dog has rabies. So, when it bites you for waking it up prematurely, a trip to the doctor is needed fairly rapidly (or should that be rabidly...).

A couple of weeks ago on the TV, Prachandra - Nepal's former terrorist leader turned Prime Minister - was bemoaning the lack of forward movement his Maoist led government had made in improving the 'New Nepal'. He, of course, took little responsibility on his own shoulders, but instead placed the blame firmly on the feudalists and royalist forces that are trying to prevent the revolution. At the end of his speech he declared that several new policies would be in place by the end of that week - including the crippling dowry system, where parents must give extortionately large amounts for their daughter to marry to the boys family. However, none of these have happened. Just last week I heard of a wedding cancelled as the boys family demanded so much gold and money from the girl that her family just couldn't afford it. So much for the 'New Nepal'...

Another interesting article about this here.

Some other rather odd things that have been happening here in Nepal for the last couple of weeks is that 2 people have been killed by Rhinos charging in Chitwan - the national park we visited in November. The people who died were all locals, but still, shows that this really is wild life.

Anyway, I'm off to sharpen my stick and top up my rabies vaccination.

SAM

A visit to the Dentist - Part 1

It was at Bidroha's wedding, I just couldn't take the pain any more. I had had enough. So, I went to the dentist.

I don't like dentists very much. It's nothing personal, but having spent long sat in dentist chairs, being put in large amounts of pain, being told off and then being charged extortionate amounts it has slightly soured my feelings towards them. And having naturally awful teeth doesn't help as well.

So, the thought of having to go to the dentist - and one who's first language wasn't English - terrified me.

I had been contemplating the visit for a long time. My teeth are always a little sore, but here they seemed to get a little worse. Since June last year I've had in the back of my mind to go and see the dentist. But I didn't because I was just too scared.

I went to Patan Hospital, where I was told the dentists are quite good. So I arrived for at 8 am. I walked in to find a huge queue of people and my heart sank. Fortunately, I found out that that was the queue for other medical things, only after 20 minutes of queuing though...

The queue for the dentists was already quite long - 7 or 8 people in front of me - although compared to the general medical admissions this was nothing. On the walls around me were posters telling of ways to keep your teeth clean and the benefits. Somethings never change. I went to the reception and was told I needed to get a ticket. When I asked where I could get a ticket from, the receptionist told me she could give me one. A bit of a pointless conversation? Maybe, but this is Nepal, and bureaucracy runs deep.

So, I got a ticket, and paid my consultation fee and sat in the queue. It seemed as if none of the dentists had come in yet, as there were just cleaners going around, and people sitting about waiting. After some time, the dentists turned up and the first person was called. I spent my time reading the posters around the walls. One had a women with a lump on her tongue saying "This is cancer, make sure you see your dentist if you find a lump". Comforting. Other posters extolled mothers feeding breast milk to their children, and another declaring "Healthy teeth, Healthy life".

I looked around the room to see who else was here to see the dentist. There was a women who had a white bandage covering the whole of her cheek. Maybe she had a cancerous lump removed from her tongue. A child was sitting sedately in his father's lap, one side of his mouth swollen as if someone had given him a golf ball to suck on. There was an old lady, who was looking as scared as I felt, and a young lady who held her hand to comfort her. Running around was a child, who would go to the curtained door of each room and look in, before moving on to the next. I hoped she wouldn't do that when I was sitting in the chair.

Then, completely out of sequence I was called. I felt a bit ashamed - why should I be given any preferential treatment - but I didn't complain. I wanted to be out of there as quick as possible. I was sat down in the dentist chair, and they asked me what was wrong. I explained. I did my best in Nepali, but when my Nepali failed - as quite often it does still - they started to speak in English.

They gave me an x-ray and then called me back to say that one of my fillings was close to the nerve, so it was probably just a bit sensitive. But, just to be sure, they would give me a scale and polish and make sure nothing else was causing pain.

A few days later I was back for my teeth cleaning. Now, in the UK I can imagine that the dentist will give you a plastic coat and some see through glasses while they are scaling teeth. However, in Nepal they gave me two face cloths - one placed on my chest and one over my eyes. So, there I was in darkness and all I could hear was the revving up of what I assumed was the drill. Why were they going to be using a drill?

Open your mouth, the lady said. Now, I don't know whether anyone else has this problem when they go to the dentist, but it always causes me a large amount of embarrassment. Where do you put your tongue? I try and make sure it keeps out of the way, but inevitably it gets in the path of the dentist's drill/poky stick/mirror and then I give out a yelp. Not only this, but my mouth slowly closes over time, as I forget where I am and revert to the daydream where I am sitting by the beach making sandcastles and watching the world go by. Then with a quick reprimand I am brought back to reality with a request to keep my mouth open if I want them to do their job properly.

As the sound of the drill increased in my ear, suggesting the impending meeting between it and my teeth, I started to fear the worst. All I thought I was here for was a clean, not a filling. And then impact. I flinched out of instinct more than anything else. But nothing happened. The drill wasn't a drill. It was just a grinding wheel - or a dentist equivalent of it. The hygienist passed the grinding wheel up and down my teeth, little bits of my teeth flying everywhere. After spending time going across all my teeth, getting caught up in my tongue and telling me to open my mouth, she then got another tool, some sort of toothbrush, and started to clean my teeth. The months of turmeric that had been staining my teeth slowly disappeared into a froth of what I can only assume was bicarbonate of soda and salt.

And with that it was over.

A week later, I was back in the dentist chair - after several compliments of how white my teeth looked. I didn't know whether that meant they were very yellow beforehand, or just everyone wanted to make me think that I hadn't wasted my money. The dentist looked at my teeth and told me I had hyper-plastic teeth and they were just sensitive. So, just get on with it. A very Nepali response.

However, I still have a feeling I'll need a little 'work' done on my teeth - and to be honest, I'd prefer to do it here than in the UK where it'll be 10 times more. So the dentist story has only just begun...

SAM

Fate

On my daily walk into the office, at a number of points I see goats tied up outside a shuttered shop, munching on some leaves and twigs that has been left for them. Their days are numbered. When then shutters are opened, the man brings out a big knife and one by one they are butchered. And yet, the goats still stand there and eat. Do they not know or have they just accepted their fate?

I was given a book here called Brick Lane, by Monica Ali. It's a story about a Bangladeshi girl who marries a man much older than her and moves to the UK to live. The relevance here is that her mother always taught her to accept her fate, and she carries on through her own life not fighting against anything, going along with the flow of the river of time, always remembering to accept her fate.

As for me, I have a bit of a problem with fate. For one thing, how do I know what my fate is? Is my fate what easily lies in my path, or is it the harder thing that I strive to achieve - trying my best to not succumb to the easy things in life? Maybe fate knows me quite well, and so the things I try to do that I'm not scared of doing because they're harder are actually my destiny, not the things that lie in my path - apparently easily obtainable.

Why all this talk with fate? Well, they always say, God has a plan for us. He knows what he wants us to do, and will reveal it when it is time. And now, as I think about future things, I wish I knew what was going to happen. Or at least had some idea. It would make my life a lot easier. And yet, I don't want to know what's in store - that's the most amazing thing about life that you never know what's around the corner. So there's a thing...

Moving swiftly on.

I went to my second Nepali wedding last weekend. It was that of Bidro - from Ukaalo ra Oraalo here. This wedding was something a bit unique in terms of Nepali culture. It was not only a love marriage, but across Nepali cultures - Bidro from the Hindu Bahuun caste and his now wife is a Newari. No-one quite knew what to expect. So, I donned my suit - even that drowned me due to my underweight situation - and went along.

The wedding day itself was quite quiet for me. We arrived at Bidro's room in Lalitpur and after talking for 3 hours with different members of his family and friends, went to the bride's house. She comes from a rich family, who had a huge house in Thamel. At the bride's house where the wedding took place, we were offered everything - food, beer, even trays full of cigarettes. Most of the wedding ceremony I missed. It took place in a room at the top of the house, and every time I tried to have a peek inside, the place was chock-a-block. So, what made this a bit of a unique wedding I'll never know. And having only attended one previously, I wouldn't have had much to compare against.

The groom and me

At the end, the bride and groom emerged from the room, everything complete. They were led down to the road where we made the most enormous traffic jam - 2 cars and 2 minibuses stopped in a single track street. And with that it was all over.

Work in my office is getting more involved, with some new pits and pieces happening. And it's almost time to think about coming home. Fate, destiny and lack of money are all starting to play their course...

SAM

New Year's Resolutions

Here are some New Year's Resolutions for Nepal and for me - not that I normally make them you must understand, let alone follow them!

Nepal Electric Authority (NEA) - Work out how to power the country better

We're on to 12 hours a day load shedding now - half a day of scheduled power cuts. You might think that because Nepal is a poor country that electricity isn't that important, people wouldn't need it. And that may be true where there are villages not connected to the grid and everything is geared towards alternative light, heat and so on. However, in many towns and cities now, the houses have been built assuming a constant electric supply. So, the lighting is electric, the water pump is electric, the rice cooker is electric, the heating - if any - is electric.

So, it just doesn't make you go to bed that little bit earlier, but it affects your whole life. Every morning, we have to spend 30 minutes bringing water from our tank under the house to the kitchen and bathroom. This is not only because we don't have any electric to pump the water to the electric tank, but we have no electric to pump the water from the mains line to the main tank under the house. So we are dredging up the bottom of the tank, hoping we have enough water for the next days. And water is a big problem. Not enough water means the house can't be kept as clean as everyone would like, clothes can't be washed regularly as there just isn't the water to use on it, and a bout of stomach problems can cause planning nightmares. For cooking, the rice cooker can no longer be used, meaning that the pressure cooker is used to cook rice, using more gas - additional expense. Also, the evening meal is cooked in torch and candlelight - making it more difficult. Students cannot study at night, because there is no light. And those who have to go to school in the day, or work in their house during the day, can find no time to study.

For the rest of Nepal, there is talk of severe redundancy. Businesses that rely on electricity to run machinery and so on either require their own expensive generators, or have to operate a reduced hours schedule. The only options for businesses are to have diesel generators or, if the electricity requirement is small enough, have a set of batteries to run whilst the line is down. The first option increases diesel use in the country, the oil trade here is still reeling from the middle of last year and on several occasions there is no petrol or diesel available. The second option does nothing to reduce the load on the already overstretched electricity supply, it just increases the load when the electric supply is back on. And if some are anything like our office, sometimes there is not enough capacity in the system to power the equipment for the length of the power cut. We've had a couple of occasions when our office went into blackout.

The Nepal Government has recognised this as a big problem, and has declared an energy emergency. They are looking at investing in diesel generators that will generate around 20% of Nepal's requirement. But this is not a sustainable solution. If the price of oil soars again, what will the government do then? And rumours are that the electricity will cost 30 rupees a unit to produce, when it is sold for just over 7 rupees per unit. Even if the rumours are false, and it costs 10 rupees a unit, the government will find themselves driving the already debt-ridden NEA into more financial crisis. Nepal's big energy hope is hydropower. So, when NEA decided to change their buying tariff off the hydroelectric producers, everyone was hopeful that this would encourage people to build more and bigger plants to cover the surplus. But no. The average buying price is around 4.5 rupees a unit from the day it starts to produce electricity, with a 3% inflation every year after. Many developers have found that their planned new hydro plants are no longer economically viable. So they are going to scrap all these plans. And what's worse, the government are currently buying electricity from India for 6 rupees a unit. So, the big plants are no longer economically viable, and small plants that can be built quickly will be profitable. But small hydro-plants are not the answer - like digging out of jail with a toothpick - it can be done, but will take far too much time.

So, what's the answer. Obviously the diesel generators can only be a temporary measure. Nepal's answer must lie in Hydropower. But how can you encourage developers, who want to make money, without charging a large amount to customer - ultimately affecting the poor? I think if there were less fingers in the hydropower pie, then maybe it would be more profitable - as with many developing countries, corruption is still rife here in Nepal and with large amounts of money comes large amounts of corruption. Also, if the private people who used more electricity paid more, and the government made more measures to encourage energy saving which would reduce load on the overstretched system.

The NEA and their international advisors have a big job on their hands. As for us, we're going to have 16 hours load shedding starting from Saturday. The fun continues...

Nepal Government - Wake up and smell the coffee

A 'New Nepal' was declared after the election, much hope for the world's newest federal republic. But that hope is now waning in its people. The Maoist-led government seems to be stricken with in-fighting and power grabbing, much as many of the previous democratically elected governments were. The new constitution, which was main aim of this government has not been started yet, 8 months on. The parties seems to be tearing up each other from the inside and ripping into each other's policies.

What affect is this having on the people of Nepal? Well, I've just returned from the Terai, in the south of the country. There I was told that the pahadi - hill - people who used to live here after the jungles were cleared by the government in the 1950s are running away from the Terai to the larger towns and cities, such as Kathmandu, Hetauda and Narayangadh. Some Madeshi people - immigrants from India - are causing a huge uprising in these areas. Along with this, other ne'er-do-wells in Nepali socity are seeing the crumbling security situation and jumping on the insurgency bandwagon. In Janakpur, the largest city in the eastern Terai, I was told that there are almost no hill people at all, they are all Madeshi. The hill people have been driven out through intimidation, kidnapping, extortion and murder. And the army and police can or will do nothing. They sit in their camps too scared to confront these groups, their posts regularly looted of weapons and equipment.

And when you talk to people in Kathmandu, most of them are not actually from Kathmandu but have moved here. Some are economic migrants, but a large number had to leave there homes - either from the Maoist rebellion in the late 1990s and beginning of this century or from the recent violence in the Terai. This has led to a population explosion here in the Kathmandu Valley. (Incidentally, this cannot be helping the electricity or water situation.)

And the worst part is, again it's the poor people who are suffering. Only the richer people can move to the larger towns, affording the increased price of land and food, with skills that are needed in cities. The poor people must sit it out, hoping that their house is not next on the target list of these groups, hoping their children are not kidnapped, their sons not forced to join the ‘thug army’.

And what is the Nepal Government doing about this all. Nothing. Fighting amongst themselves. Every day stories of kidnap, murder and extortion, and all the government can do is argue about who should be agreeing with who. All the Nepali people want is a bit of peace and stability. Let’s all hope that the government pull themselves together and give this to their people.

There is quite a good column on this, from a local newspaper. It can be found here.

Me - Decide where you're going

Decision time looms for me. My money I had saved for this trip is almost at an end, and so I need to work out what's going to happen now. Something I thought would be easy, but it's not. I have different parts of me pulling in polar opposite directions. What will happen? I don't know. Some deep thinking and prayerful thoughts are needed.

Me - Put on weight (this is nothing to worry about!)

I went to buy some jeans from a tailor the other day. When they measured my waist they said 31 inches. Now normally in the UK I'm about 34 or so. So this is a slight problem. I know I've lost a bit of weight whilst being here, but I didn't think it was that much. So, I'm going to try and eat more - something which I find very hard - and eat a bit more often. But, I know when I get back to the UK, my weight will get back up again - and my new tailored jeans won't fit!

Just before New Year I went down to the Terai to visit Didi, my friend's sister, and her husband and youngest child Bipin with Bibek - their eldest son. We caught the bus early in the morning, freezing cold, and then were even colder when we realised that the window level with my head was completely broken. So, I spent 4 or 5 hours sat in a freezing wind with pieces of glass flying at me in at regular intervals. The joys of Nepal. Our bus driver was fairly suicidal, overtaking around blind corners and leaning the bus rather hard into corners. However, this did mean that we arrived in double quick time - just 8 hours from Kathmandu for a journey that normally takes 10 - 12 hours.

At Didi's house I rested. It wasn't as warm as I thought it might be, still 2 t-shirts were the order of the day, and at night it was as cold as Kathmandu. But the one saving grace was that there was a fire stove meaning heat. Completely environmentally unfriendly, but good and warm. And we slept, ate, read, drank their buffalo milk and talked. I had not really a good chance to talk with Didi before, so this was great to get to know her better.

Me and Bipin - known as Bijuli, electricity, as he buzzes around all over the place

Bibek and Bipin


And after a few days it was time for me to leave again. Bibek stayed there, and will come back at the end of his winter holidays with Didi and his brother. I caught a jeep from the nearest town which got me back to Kathmandu in 7 hours just, which again was great - although the road it went along was rather bumpy and made me very sore from head to tail.


So, a new year, a new Nepal as well? Let's hope and pray so.


SAM